تأملی جامعه‌شناسانه در آخرین اثر داستانی جلال آل احمد با نگاهی به نظریۀ لوسین گلدمن

Social criticism, concerning the relationship and interplay of society and literature, is referred to as a literary criticism and is an instrument for the study of the social structures of literary texts. Lucien Goldman, a sociology theorist of literature, has presented views on the meaningful relationship of literary structure of texts, especially novels, with social constructs, by genesis formative design. The present study, following a sociological point of view borrowing its general principles from Goldman's social views, attempts to evaluate the latest fictional work of the contemporary realist writer Jalal Al Ahmad (Sangi Bar Guri) and, through that, the criteria that are appropriate to the structures of the author's era are examined. This novel Examines and analyzes appropriate criteria to the structures of the author’s society. The findings indicate that Jalal Al-Ahmad, in one of the most important concerns of his personal and family life, explicitly and delicately refers to the common social components of his life and tend to believe that this link is required to design and criticism. He has dealt with the cultural, political and social problems of his life.
Introduction:
The element of society is one of the forms of literary criticism which aims at examining the relationship and mutual influence of society and literature. This type of criticism is considered as a hang-up for the social structures of literature. Lumin Glaman, a researcher and theoretician of the sociology of religion has proposed some components in the context of the connection between addition toward the literary structure of time, and social structures by presenting the viewpoint of constructionism in the poem. The charter of the Persian language remained open. The current research is based on a sociological perspective that borrows its general principles from Guldehan's social views. “Sangi Bar Guri”, referred to as the latest fictional work of Jalal Al Asl Tostdeh (a contemporary realist), examines and extends the appropriate criteria with the structures of the author's contemporary society. The findings of the research indicate that Al-Ahmed in Sangi bar Guri connected one of the most important aspects of his personal life with a great deal of subtlety to the common social structures of his time and in the shadow of this link cultural, political and social issues. He has presented and criticized such issues all over his lifetime. According to the criteria presented in Goldmann's theory, the most basic component of the above-mentioned point of view is the social class, and each of the individuals belong to diverse groups or social classes. Furthermore, his world is affected by the norms of those classes and groups. Therefore, the creator of the literary work is not an individual, however, is a social class and the writer is actually the mediator of the worldview of that class to his audience. There is a mutual relationship between the social and cultural components of the society and the literary structures of the texts, and literary works (especially stories) are considered as a tool for projecting the cultural, economic, and social problems of different classes of society. The middle and weak class of the society (problematic class), which contains most of the writers of literary texts, try to raise their suppressed needs by presenting the problems of the society, even if their efforts do not reach the desired result. The influence that the author of the text takes from the society can cause various reactions from him, such as the rejection of rebellion, surrender or a combination of various thoughts. Every human behavior is a meaningful response to a specific situation, deconstruction, and structuralism which can also be a meaningful response to the prevailing conditions. This component is related to the concept of dialectics, which is one of the basic concepts of Guldehan's thought. It is linked to the society and leads to a balance in cultural and social conflicts. The dialectic of Goldman and the followers of the Marxist school expresses the thoughts and views of the turn which are an effort from the contradictions and social contradictions are born when Incidents occur in the literary work, and the psychology of the characters is formed through those incidents. Jalal Al Ahmad, in his latest work of fiction, as a member of the middle class and a problematic member of the society, refers to the problems of couples who are blessed by the father and Motherhood, the shadow of these references, the kind of view that people in the society have about this problem, while describing his childlessness and the efforts made by him and his wife to fill this. In this direction, he tries to respond to his inner need, which has both a family aspect and social classes, and during this effort, he shows various reactions, including accepting the rejection of the rebellion and finally surrendering. Al Ahmed adheres to the traditions due to his family upbringing and cannot accept them completely. He thinks about structuralism and, on the other hand, wants to break the structure. Due to this intellectual and spiritual duality in dealing with the problem of childlessness, he experiences various contradictions and seeks to find a new solution to save himself from confusion. The hero of the story finally fails to reach his goal. A child is a stone on the grave of happy parents, so the need to have children is only to preserve the name and the continuation of the human race, and this necessity is derived from It is sati that the author tries to be its end point.