شاخصه‌های برجسته ادب پایداری در شعر معاصر ایران و عرب (با تکیه بر: سروده‌های سیدعلی موسوی‌گرمارودی و یحیی السماوی)

The present research, which has been carried out with the analytical-descriptive method and the use of written and reliable library sources, aims to examine the characteristics of sustainable literature in the context of the works by Seyyed Ali Mousavi Garmaroudi (from Iran) and Yahya Al-Samavi (from Iraq), shares their common features, and possibly distincts these characteristics. Also examined is how the themes related to these characteristics are made and paid by the mentioned poets to the reader. In summary, this research revealed that these two prominent Iranian and Iraqi orators highlighted how Western countries, particularly the United States, have exerted control over Iran, Iraq, and other Muslim lands in the Middle East to exploit their natural resources. In recent decades, the circumstances of these countries have shared commonalities, and the themes and indicators they have addressed have been largely similar or closely related. In the meantime, Al-Samavi has been the most vocal in protesting the occupation of his country by the United States over the past two decades and the damage to his dignity caused by this invasion. However, Mousavi Garmaroudi's writing primarily supports the Zionist regime of Israel. In this context, he has aligned with the Arab world in advocating for the freedom of the oppressed Palestinian people. Finally, both poets share intellectual alignment in inspiring hope among those fighting for justice, promoting unity and empathy among Muslims worldwide, and opposing war and aggression.
Introduction
When introducing and describing the literature of sustainability, it should be noted that literature typically refers to works shaped by conditions such as internal oppression and tyranny, lack of individual and social freedoms, lawlessness and abuse of power, usurpation of authority, land, and national and individual capital, among others. Consequently, the core of these works is the struggle against internal tyranny or external aggression across political, cultural, economic, and social spheres, as well as resistance to anti-freedom movements. What distinguishes this type of literature from other literary categories is its message and content. Works of this kind often serve as a mirror reflecting the pain and oppression experienced by people who have fallen victim to authoritarian systems (Sangari, 2007, p. 6). The concept of sustainability in literature is not confined to a specific time, nation, or region; its manifestations can be observed throughout the histories of various nations. The audience for literature on sustainability is not an individual or a particular group but the collective conscience of humanity. This literary genre is often expressed in simple, explicit, and direct language. However, considering the social changes of each nation and the conditions of each historical period, its expression can vary significantly from one period to another (see Barani and Ansari, 2012: 1–2). The most appropriate way to categorize the poetry of sustainability in contemporary Persian literature of Iran is to divide it into the following periods: “constitutionality,” “Pahlavi era,” and “period of the Islamic Revolution and the Era after It (Mohseninia, 2009, p. 144). In the Arab world, much of the literature on sustainability is connected to various revolutions. In Libya and Algeria, it relates to their struggles to free themselves from Italian and French colonial rule. In Egypt, it pertains to the resistance of the Egyptian people during the Arabi Pasha revolutions against the Ottoman Turks, as well as Jamal Abdel Nasser's movement in the fight against Israel. In Iraq, it is associated with the 1920 revolution led by Shiite scholars. In Palestine—arguably the most significant case—it concerns the resistance of Palestinians and Arabs against Israel. The earlier part of this literature also addresses the resistance of all Arab countries under Ottoman rule as they sought to liberate themselves from domination and achieve independence.
Research
Method In this research, which is descriptive-analytical and uses reliable library and written sources, the poems of Seyyed Ali Mousavi-Garmaroudi (from Iran) and from the Arab world: Yahya Al-Samawi (Iraqi poet), as two prominent representatives of the sustainable poetry movement in contemporary literature of Muslim countries, are examined in a comparative manner, and the following main and central question is explored: To what extent have Seyyed Ali Mousavi-Garmaroudi and Yahya Al-Samawi, as two contemporary literary figures who do not speak the same language but are aligned in thought and ideology, played a role in the field of sustainable literature (in advancing the goals of oppressed Muslim tribes and communities to fight against internal tyranny and foreign colonialists, as well as achieving their rights), and with which of the above-mentioned literary components have they invoked this issue?
Findings
Although sustainability literature has a history in non-Muslim countries over the past few centuries, with occasional examples appearing sporadically, it has expanded and developed more broadly due to the dominance of systems of control over semi-developed societies endowed with natural resources and strategic positions, as well as the influence of puppet agents within these societies. Among oppressed nations, Muslim countries—particularly Iran and the Arab world—have demonstrated the strongest inclination toward various forms of sustainable art and literature, producing a significant body of work in this field, especially in poetry. One of the contemporary poets who has welcomed this type of literature in Iran and has left behind diverse and relatively stable poems is Seyyed Ali Mousavi Garmaroudi. On the other hand, Yahya al-Samavi (Iraqi poet), considering the social and political conditions of his country in the last few decades, which were the result of the rule of a dictatorial and autocratic figure like Saddam Hussein and then the occupation of the country by the United States and coalition groups, has composed protest and striking poems to challenge these factors.
Conclusion
In summary, the research found that Seyyed Ali Mousavi Garmaroudi and Yahya al-Samavi shared many characteristics of sustainable literature, including patriotism and the defense of national symbols, the pursuit of freedom, opposition to tyranny, honoring the names and memories of martyred soldiers and warriors, denouncing war and warmongering, and promoting world peace and tranquility. However, the distinct political and strategic contexts of these two poets necessitated some differences in their treatment of sustainability themes—for example, nationalism and Arabism are prominent in Al-Samavi's poetry, whereas these themes are less emphasized in Mousavi Garmaroudi's work.