تحلیل کنش‌های گفتاری داستان‌های کوتاه اجاره‌خانه، یک زن خوشبخت و رسوایی از بزرگ علوی

Analytical philosophers have long sought to study the phenomena of language from semantic, epistemological, and philosophical perspectives. The study of linguistic or spoken verbs is one of the most critical topics in the philosophy of language and analysis, which was introduced by John Rogers Searle after completing and formulating the theories of his teacher, Austin. In examining propositions and utterances, Austin refers to the speech act theory that Searle has completed. Due to the speech act theory, in communication, fragments, comprising words and grammatical structures, are produced, which alone are not enough to express the meaning of the speaker. In other words, in the process of communication, the speaker also performs act through excerpts. Searle divides these acts into five major categories. By examining the types of speech act of the speaker, it is possible to determine the distribution of power, the influence of social context and structure, the type of personality and social status of the parties. The target of the current article is to examine the types of speech acts from Searle and Austin's point of view in the stories of "Ejarekhane", "Yek Zan-e khoshbakht" and "Rosvayi" from the Bozorg Alavi to the position of the characters' power in relation to each other and the reasons for their use. Their words should be analyzed and determined based on the type of personality and social status of each one
Introduction
The role of language and speech acts used in the works and how it is used in the context directly and indirectly can be helpful and effective in the representation of beliefs, how to distribute power and its resources, expressing social and individual relationships. Fairclough (2000: 40) points out that the study of verbal interactions will be critical when their relationship with the social structures of the society is explained, otherwise it will be a meaningless practice. In fact, "people show the social structure with their meaningful actions every day, stabilize their bases and roles, and establish a common knowledge and value systems" (Halidi, 1978: 2 in Fairclough, 2019: 39). Saussure (1966: 19 in Fairclough, 2000: 39) also holds the idea that there is a mutual dependence between language and speaking and that "language is both the tool of speaking and its product." Precisely, there are parts of language codes in speech and conversation that are exhibited.
In the three addressed stories "Rental House", "A Happy Woman" and "Scandal" different speech acts are used  which target the type and frequency of the act, its directness or indirectness in the process of communicating between the main characters of the stories with other characters,  indicates the type of language use in social contexts with conversations between speakers.
Method
 The method in this article is to extract all the speech acts used in the text of the stories based on Searle's classification. Therefore, the statistical community of the research includes all dialogue-oriented sentences of the stories. After extracting the actions and categorizing them, the reasons for the use of each action in relation to the characters are analyzed, and the implicit meanings of each action are measured in relation to social factors and the intratextual and extratextual context of the stories. Precisely, it is an attempt based on Austin and Searle's theory of speech acts by examining the types of actions based on the position and individual, social and emotional relationships determined in the stories to represent the power and quality of communication between characters. The stories and the implicit meanings in their expressions are discussed and the position of each in the social relationship with the other is explained.
Conclusion
Extracting and analyzing the speech acts of any conversation based on the contexts can show the opinions, beliefs and inner feelings of the speakers. In literary works, including stories, by examining the context in addition to the conditions of the speaker and the listener, it is possible to extract the specific intellectual orientations of each person, class, society and their sources of power. In these stories, we can find out what ideology the speakers and listeners each reflect and what beliefs and thoughts they have in their heads by carefully observing the frequency of each speech act. According to the graphs, declarative action is the highest type of action used in these three stories with 50%. Most of this action has acted non-expressively and indirectly in the form of emotional action. In other words, the frequency of any non-expressive action in the analysis can be indicative and marked. Carefully in the chart number four, it can be seen that the high frequency of emotional non-expressive actions with themes such as humiliation and ridicule 39%, blame and sadness 43%, etc. in these three investigated stories indicate unhealthy, destroyed emotional relationships and it is cold, and the small frequency of the meanings of admiration and expressing affection indirectly in the form of 8% and direct 5%, in the emotional action in diagrams five and four, emphasizes the bad interpersonal relationship of the characters in the story. Based on the graphs, the high frequency of direct and indirect persuasive action in the form of the meaning of command and command as the third most important action with 11% indicates the dominance of patriarchy over the traditional society of stories.
Results
By examining the three great Alavi stories, it was found that the atmosphere governing the stories is indicative of the problems of society and the traditional family and its limitations. Although along with this traditional society, the modern society is also growing and developing and has influenced the social relationships of the characters in the story, but the male characters in these stories are still subject to the criteria and standards of the traditional society and They have the upper hand. For this reason, the speech acts used by the male characters are more than direct speech acts. On the other hand, the female characters of the stories, even though they have sometimes entered the modern society like Wajiheh and Aghdas and are educated, but they still have no power and are dominated by the men of the family and society due to the lack of support from the traditional society. Therefore, most of the speech acts expressed by women are of the indirect type. The bad emotional relationship that exists between the characters in the stories, along with inappropriate social conditions such as extreme poverty, class differences, individual differences, and the inner world of people, have caused emotional actions with the implied meanings of humiliation, mockery, blame, sadness, curses, and blasphemy in The stories have a very high frequency of expressing sadness, blame and sadness with 43% respectively as the most action and main concept emerging from the dialogues of the characters in the stories, followed by humiliation and ridicule with 39%. is Based on this, the frequency of using emotional actions based on expressing affection, admiration and praise directly 8% and indirectly 5% in the stories is very little and these few cases are expressed with the aim of the speaker to reach his goal. The persuasive actions used in the stories were also divided into two categories: advice and request and command and order. The persuasive actions of advice and request and suggestion are indirect with 3% and direct 25%, mostly in female contexts and Order and command are used indirectly with 4% and directly with 11% in the male context, which is a marked use related to the distribution of power between men and women. The high frequency of expressive actions in these three stories is also precisely related to the realism of the stories, which the narrator and the characters have explained in detail. Finally, the frequency of speech acts, their direct and indirect types and the implied meanings intended by the speakers in these stories indicate the dominance of patriarchal discourse and women's internal dissatisfaction with life and spouse.