Critical Analysis of Nakhlhaye Bisar (based on Fairclough's Theory and Van Dijke's Ideological Square)

Nakhlhaye Bisar is counted as one of the first novels in the field of Resistance that has been written on the basis of the time and space of war. One of the most critical areas to be studied in this work is how to reflect the characteristics of the prevailing ideas. This paper seeks to extract the discourses in the work by re-reading this novel in the form of Fairclough critical approach and Van Dijk's ideological square in a descriptive-analytical manner.Furthermore, the study is to answer the question of whether the discourse that governs the space of the story serves to preserve or weaken the relations of ideological power. The findings of this study indicate that the author of “Nakhlhaye Bisar,” has tried to represent the components of the ideological traditionalist discourse that was the dominant discourse in the 60's via integrating the ideological functions of language. This way, Frust, in addition to legitimizing the dominant semantic system and rejecting competing discourses, has also assisted stabilizing the existing power relations in the layers of the social structure
Introduction:
With the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war in 1359, many writers were obliged to reflect aspects of this serious event in their work due to their social conditions. "Novel" reflects the reality in a more fundamental and wider way, and is one of the genres that was welcomed in the field of stable literature for projecting views and recreating the event of war both during and the post-war era. Authors of sustainability novels, as speakers and users of language in different eras, like other genres of fiction literature, to describe and depict this huge event under the influence of the specific cultural and ideological atmosphere of the period. Furthermore, they have worked hard to produce works and have brought new and different discourses into the realm of sustainability literature. During the war period, due to the spread of revolutionary standards and values ​​to the category of war, the continuation of the enemy's preparations and the rise of revolutionary fervor and agitation, a major part of the stability novels moved in the direction of strengthening the collective self against the hostile other. In this period, the writers who wrote about war continued the moral and ideological understanding of literature. They also assigned literature to the service of politics and also added the task of strengthening faith (Mir Abedini, 2016: 931). The narration of this group of writers is the reproduction of the propositions that the ideological and hegemonic discourse has turned into conventional beliefs. The novel Nakhlhaye Bisar is one of these works that was written in the process of political-social currents of the war period and under the influence of the ruling cultural-ideological propositions. Considering the close connection between text and metatextual elements in Nakhlhaye Bisar, we want to examine how text and meaning are formed in this work, in the form of Fairclough's theoretical framework and Van Dijk's ideological square And to answer these questions: firstly, are the discourses in palm trees free? Also, is the discourse that governs the space of the story in the service of maintaining ideological power relations in the layers of the social structure, or is it in the direction of weakening and transforming it?
Methodology:
Descriptive-analytical method has been used in compiling this article. In order to explain the topic of research and information gathering, firstly, the use of library resources is in line with the work. In the next step, excerpts from the novel Nakhl-ha-ye Bisar were selected and analyzed based on the approach of critical discourse analysis of Fairclough and Van Dijke's ideological square.
Results and Discussion:
Examining Nakhlhaye Bisar as a communication event leads us to the conclusion that this work is actually a representation of the conditions governing the time of writing the novel, i.e. the early sixties. Factors such as historical context, power relations in society and its structure have shaped the language (text) and through the use of language, these structures and social processes and worldviews were stabilized.
In the historical context of the 60s and the war period, the discourse of ideological traditionalism with the centrality of religious text and charismatic tendency was highlighted, and that part of the discourse system of the Islamic Revolution, which was rooted in modernism, was marginalized.
The author of Nakhlhaye Bisar has started to produce his work in line with this dominant discourse and its ideological institutions. The link between politics and religion, emphasis on the Islamic color of the revolution, using the patterns and myths of Islamic history, and the manifestation of the principles of belief and struggles of the Ashura movement in war are among the dominant ideological components that have been objectified in Nakhlhaye Bisar.
Conclusion:
The historical and social context of the text Nakhlhaye Bisar is a representation of the early years of the war until the beginning of the 60s and the ruling ideologies of this period and the power relations underpinning them have had a profound effect on the production of the said novel's discourse. This period is very important from a historical and social point of view and has two distinctive features: the existence of war conditions and the presence of the charismatic personality of Imam Khomeini. Together, these two factors had a profound effect on the prominence of the Islamist discourse in this period and the marginalization of internal others such as liberal groups. In addition to these factors, the element that has strengthened the foundations of the power and credibility of the Islamist discourse in the first decade of the revolution, is school ideology. This ideology had concepts and symbols that could perform the usual functions of an ideology in the process of revolution in a favorable way and become a dominant ideology. The ability to convey political awareness to line up, present a new set of values, and finally succeed in justifying the followers that the addressed ideology is based on truth and rationality, were among the ideological functions that led to the hegemony of this ideology. During the war period, the connection of revolutionary and Islamic identity and the necessity of establishing Islamic and revolutionary values ​​caused the strengthening of scholastic values ​​and the basis of alienation. In this period, in the field of literature, a group of writers appeared whose works about war took the burden of the literature in Islamic Revolution and expressed a religious and revolutionary worldview in connection with religious beliefs.
Among these writers, Ferasat is committed to writing about war in line with the traditionalist discourse and school ideology and created the novel Nakhlhaye Bisar in connection with the two categories of war and revolution with religion. In this work, according to the relationship between the two sides of language and the macro structure, language also has an ideological function. This made discourse and ideological differences show themselves in terms of the classficication of words. In addition to vocabulary, the metaphors, implicit presuppositions, coherence and all other categories, which constitute the aspects of meaning, are ideologically charged. The social structures at the time of writing the novel Nakhlhaye Bisar are also well reproduced in the text of the work. In this regard, the author of Nakhlhaye Bisar has acted in a purposeful way in choosing discourse thinkers and identity formation. Almost most of the actors, especially the central characters of the story, display the social structure with their meaningful actions during the performance. In addition to establishing their position as social participants of the hegemonic discourse, they also convey value systems and common background knowledge