Analysis of the Three-volume Historical Novel "Passing Through Sufferings" by Tolstoy based on Lukács and Adorno's Point of View

Regardless of the fact that it directs the society towards humanistic and nature-seeking goals, history, within the context of literature and art, has the duty to reflect the behavior of the past for the present and the future in order to awaken the social nature of man. This awakening of human nature requires a prilimiary that is the same as nature and with that in mind, art and literature have become the major platform of this event. From Lukács's developmental point of view and Adorno's critical point of view, the author's mission as a historical, social, and literary researcher is to influence a  society and address it discoveries and intuitions having in mind that they are from the heart of that society themselves. The three-volume historical novel "Passing through Sufferings" is one of the most predominant novels of Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1883-1945), which covers the historical period between 1914 and 1919. In the current research, an attempt is made to analyze this three-volume work based on Lukács and Adorno's point of view, according to the questions and purposes, and by referring to library sources, or using a documentary-qualitative method. The findings of the research acknowledge that Tolstoy, aligned with the intellectual principles of Adorno and Lukács, states that literature is at the service of ideology and enlightenment. Furthermore, he has tried to turn the subjective truth into objectivity through the help of the characters of his work in the form of art and literature.
Introduction
A historical novel occupies the space between history and literature and is capable of recounting events with more enthusiasm and movement by going beyond a mere historical report. It can provide explanations, revive the past, or delve into the main characters of a particular period or society. In a historical novel, history and literature, indicating a togetherness, result in a constructive and enjoyable dialogue between the past and the present, refreshing the experience of the past. Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1883-1945), writer, poet, and playwright became a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1939. Alexey Tolstoy's tendency towards symbolic space in poetry and realism in story writing and drama writing is undeniable. The realist trilogy of the book “Passing through Sufferings”, includes three books called sisters (1. 18) and dark morning (Vol. 3), which were written during twenty years of suffering from 1922 to 1941. This novel represents the painful experiences of the First World War, the October Revolution, and the Russian civil wars, and it is one of the rarest novels not only from the point of view of those educated in the Russian social-democratic system, but also according to the worldview of an aristocrat from the white front has also been written.
Materials and Methods
A historical novel, set in a specific time and place, seeks to illuminate and concretize the established structures of ideologies advocating for either transformation or stability. It functions within a pragmatic framework in literature, aiming to lead and guide the collective thoughts of society through a sociological perspective on history. In this study, we intend to analyze and examine this work, which revolves around the innovative movement of the Soviet Union's unionization, using a documentary-qualitative approach. Our goal is to answer the question of how the perspectives of Lukács and Adorno on historical novels manifest within this particular novel.
Results and Discussion
By employing Lukacs historical-social worldview and Adorno's critical perspective on realism, Tolstoy depicts the historical and revolutionary events of his time through the creation of main and supporting characters. Similar to Lukács and Adorno, Tolstoy demonstrates a great deal of conscientiousness in character development, carefully selecting each character as a representative of a spectrum of people's perspectives. With the help of his characters, Tolstoy expresses the historical concerns, vulnerabilities, and demands of various segments of society, including the proletariat's grievances against the bourgeois society.
Conclusion
Lukács emphasizes that a historical novel should contain the voices of the people and reflect their insights into the specific historical period, without any artificiality imposed by the author to fulfill a predetermined agenda. Alexei Tolstoy understands this principle and recognizes that in order to establish a connection with the broader public, he must achieve this authenticity so that both the historical aspect of the novel and its realist writing style are preserved. Therefore, he makes every effort to engage the widest possible audience through this clever tactic. He portrays any subject matter that is in any way related to social issues, revolution, history, culture, or war, ensuring that readers trust that he has accurately narrated history and not merely superficially analyzed it.