An Analysis of Women's Resistance in the Novel Ta Al-khejel by Fazileh al-Farooq (based on Michel Foucault's Theory of Power)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 , PhD in Arabic Language and Literature, TarbiatModares University of Tehran,Iran

2 . Associate Professor In Department of in Arabic Language and Literature, ilam University. Iran

Abstract

Resistance" is a central yet ambiguous and questionable category in Foucault's thought. This is due to Foucault's new and extensive analyzes and conceptions of power. He believes that power is not something that is concentrated in the hands of one person, one particular class or institution and applied to others, but is spread throughout society. Power relations are not possible without "resistance"; because wherever there is power, there is resistance, so resistance manipulates power with calculated strategies. The novel "Ta al-khejel" by the contemporary Algerian author Fazileh al-Farooq is a clear example of the blatant oppression against women in Algerian patriarchal and traditional society, an oppression that begins with the family and ends with society, institutions, law and religion. But the women of the novel resist to this all-encompassing dominations. The aim of the present study is to examine the resistance and struggle of women against the domination of the patriarchal system in a descriptive-analytical way and based on the concepts of power and resistance of Michel Foucault. The results show that the female protagonists of this novel have appeared in two types of positive and negative resistance. Positive resistance through challenge to patriarchy (resistance against tradition and imitation), continuing education (affirmation of female nature), writing (expressive language of women and awareness of their classes) and emigration and negative resistance through denial of femininity (struggle against patriarchal discourse), suicide and insanity have resisted male power.

Keywords

References

Abradsha, Sawsan. (2013/2014) Forbidden Narration in the Narratives of Fazileh al-Farooq. Setif University, Faculty of Arts and Languages.
Bashiriyah, Hossein. (1381) Political University. Tehran: Ney.
Boushousheh, Benjama. (1999) Trends of the Novel in the Arab Maghreb. 4- Presented by Mahmoud Tarshona. Tunisia: Magharebia for printing, publishing and publicity.
Boushousheh, Benjemaa (2003) in the Maghreb Feminist Novel, 1st edition, Tunisia: Maghreb for Publishing and Distribution.
Parsania, Hamid; Yousfi, Zaher. (2016) “Michel Foucault's Question of Criticism of Resistance”. Cultural and Social knowledge, 7th year, 3rd issue, 27 series, pp. 47-72.
Hami, Khadija. (2013). The Arab Women’s Narrative Between the Case and the Formation , the Novels of  Fazileh al-Farooq as a Model, Memorandum for Obtaining a Master’s Degree, Molood Mamari University, Tizi Ouzou, Faculty of Arts and Languages.
Al-Khatibi, Abdol Kabir. (1980) Al-Naqdal al-Mazduj, Beirut:Dar al Ovdat.
Symons, John. (1390) Foucault Political Issue, translated by Kaveh Hosseinzadeh Rad. Tehran: Rokhdadno.
Ameli Rezaei, Maryam. (1398) “Gender and Power in the Discourse of Iranian Women Novelists (due to Novels of Decades  70-80)”. Criticism and Literary Theory, 4th year, 2nd term, serial number 8, pp. 124-99.
Atwi, Somayeh. (2018) Persuasive Self in Algerian Narratives Fazileh Al-Farouq, Anmozja, Preliminary Application for PhD in Arabic Literature, Mohamad Bouziaf Balmasila University, Faculty of Literature and Languages.
Enayat, Halimeh; Soroosh, Maryam. (1388) The Level and Type of Women's Resistance in Confronting the Power Structure in Everyday Life", Women's Research, Volume 7, Number 2, pp. 112-85.
Al-Ghedhami, Abdollah Mohammed. (2006) Women and Language, Talthaniyah, Arab Cultural Center.
Al-Farooq, Al-Fazileh. (2002) Ta’al-Khajal. Beirut: Dar al-Rissal Publishing House.
Foucault, Michel. (1386) the Will to Understand , translated by Nikoo Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh. Tehran: Ney.
Foucault, Michel (2000) A, “Subject and Power” in: Theater of Philosophy, translated by Nikoo Sar Khosh  and Afshin Jahandideh. Tehran: Ney.
Foucault, Michel (2000) B, “The Interests of the State in Other Philosophy”, translated by Nikoo Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh. Tehran: Ney.
Foucault, Michel. (1390) We Should Defend our Society, translated by Reza Njafzadeh. Tehran: Rokhdadno.
Foucault, Michel. (1991) Use of Pleasures, translated by George Abi Saleh. Beirut: National Development Center.
Karam, Zohr. (2006) Moroccan Women's Book, An Open Horizon on Special Diversity by Multidisciplinary Works Al-Ketab al-Nasawiyah, National Research Publications in Social and Cultural Anthropology.
Al-Mooden, Hassan. (2009) Narrative and Psychological Analysis, Readings from the Perspective of Psychological Analysis, Vol. Algeria: Manshoor al Ekhtelaf.
Mills, Sarah. (2013) Michel Foucault, translated by Morteza Noori. Tehran: Makaz.
Nawa Bakhsh, Mehrdad; Karimi, Farooq (Bita).
Hinds, Barry. (1390) Discourses of the Power from Hobbes to Foucault , translated by Mostafa Yoonesi. Tehran: Shirazeh  Ketab.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics